A new report on journalist attacks by former WAN-Ifra secretary-general Larry Kilman focusses on what is being done to protect journalists and combat impunity.

UNESCO chose Maria Ressa, head of Philippines-based social media news network Rappler, to receive the first copy of the report, 'An Attack on One is an Attack on All: Successful Initiatives to Protect Journalists and Combat Impunity'.

"She is an apt choice," says Kilman. "Her work to combat and prevent gender online harassment, highlighted in the report published by UNESCO's International Programme for the Development of Communication, can provide inspiration and solutions for others facing similar attacks."

He says all of the people in the report are actually helping to protect the lives and work of journalists around the world. "They deserve wider attention for their successful grassroots and global efforts to combat attacks on their colleagues.

"Many of these cases arise from tragedy, inspired by the deaths of friends and co-workers. But these are also stories of survival and inspiration, and illustrate a variety of pro-active responses to unabated attacks on journalists."

The report focusses on 22 cases of what journalists, media, non-governmental organizations and media associations are doing to protect journalists and combat impunity. It illustrates some of the emerging trends:

- Free-lancers and local journalists are the most vulnerable, and there are a growing number of initiatives aimed at helping them. At the same time, more support is needed, particularly for local journalists working in the developing world.

- Coordination of initiatives has been an issue; several of the projects are designed to avoid overlap and identify areas of coordination.

- There is a growing number of safety initiatives that are not just focusing on risk analysis or first aid or digital safety or psychological trauma but on everything. A holistic approach is gaining support.

- There is growing recognition that the specific safety issues facing female journalists need more attention, and that men as well as women need to confront and be aware of these issues.

- There is recognition that while safety training can make journalists safer, they are not completely safe. While media and support organisations take steps to protect journalists, it is ultimately the role of governments to provide a safe working environment where journalists are free from attack, harassment and murder, and where crimes against journalists are prosecuted more aggressively.

The report was launched in Geneva during a meeting to strengthen the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity. It can be downloaded, without charge (in English, with French, Spanish and Arabic versions to follow) here.

Larry Kilman is associate director for communications at the Institute for Media Strategies, assistant professor of NGO management at the American Graduate School in Paris, and a specialist consultant on the safety of journalists with UNESCO.

The former secretary-general of WAN-Ifra, he worked as a journalist for more than 20 years in Asia, Europe and the United States, primarily with Agence France-Presse, Radio Free Europe and The Associated Press.